I denna 14 juni, 2019 foto, Jorgji Ilia, 71, står på stranden av floden Vjosa efter att ha samlat vatten från en liten källa i byn Kanikol, Albanien. "Det finns inget annat bättre än floden, " säger den pensionerade skolläraren. "Vjosa ger skönhet till vår by." (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
Under en bred platan nära Albaniens gräns mot Grekland, Jorgji Ilia fyller en misshandlad kolv från en av Vjosaälvens många källor.
"Det finns inget annat bättre än floden, " säger den pensionerade skolläraren. "Vjosa ger skönhet åt vår by."
Vjosa är temperamentsfull och ombytlig, ändras från genomskinlig koboltblått till slambrunt till smaragdgrönt, från ett stadigt flöde till en rasande torrent. Ingenting håller tillbaka den mer än 270 kilometer (170 miles) i sin bana genom de skogsklädda sluttningarna av Greklands Pindusberg till Albaniens adriatiska kust.
Detta är en av Europas sista vilda floder. Men hur länge?
Albaniens regering har satt igång planer på att dämma upp Vjosa och dess bifloder för att generera välbehövlig el till ett av Europas fattigaste länder, med avsikten att bygga åtta dammar längs huvudfloden.
Det är en del av en global vattenkraftboom, främst i Sydostasien, Sydamerika, Afrika och mindre utvecklade delar av Europa. Bara på Balkan, ca 2, 800 projekt för att tämja floder pågår eller planeras – en "dammtsunami, " säger Olsi Nika från EcoAlbania, en ideell organisation som motsätter sig projekten.
Vissa framhåller vattenkraft som en pålitlig, billig och förnybar energikälla som hjälper till att minska beroendet av planetvärmande fossila bränslen som kol, olja och naturgas. Den mellanstatliga panelen för klimatförändringar säger att den har "betydande potential" för att ytterligare minska koldioxidutsläppen.
I denna 19 juni, 2019 foto, Jorgji Ilia, 71, en pensionerad lärare, sitter med sin fru, Vito, 64, inne i deras hem i byn Kanikol, Albanien. "Det finns inget annat bättre än floden, " säger han. "Vjosa ger skönhet till vår by." (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
Men några nya studier ifrågasätter vattenkraftens värde i kampen mot den globala uppvärmningen. Kritiker som EcoAlbania säger att fördelarna med vattenkraft är överskattade – och uppvägs av den skada dammar kan göra.
Floder är en avgörande del av det globala vattnets kretslopp. De fungerar som naturens artärer, transporterar energi och näringsämnen över vidsträckta landskap, tillhandahålla vatten att dricka, livsmedelsproduktion och industri. De är ett transportmedel för människor och varor, och en fristad för båtfolk och sportfiskare. Floder är hem för en mångfald av fiskar – inklusive små fiskar, öring och lax — och ger skydd och mat åt fåglar och däggdjur.
Men dammar avbryter deras flöde, och livet i och omkring dem. Att installera fiskstegar och bredda tunnlar för att kringgå dammar hjälper vissa arter, det har inte fungerat på platser som Amazonas, säger Julian Olden, en ekolog från University of Washington som har studerat effekterna av dammar i Brasilien, Australien och USA
I denna 23 juni, 2019 foto, en övergiven bulldozer sitter på stranden av floden Vjosa vid byggplatsen för Kalivac-dammen i Albanien. Vissa framhåller vattenkraft som en pålitlig, billig och förnybar energikälla som hjälper till att minska beroendet av planetvärmande fossila bränslen som kol, olja och naturgas. Men vissa kritiker som EcoAlbania säger att fördelarna med vattenkraft är överskattade – och uppvägs av den skada dammar kan göra. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
Dammar blockerar det naturliga flödet av vatten och sediment, och kan orsaka skadliga temperatursvängningar. De kan också förändra vattnets kemi och få giftiga alger att växa.
"När dammarna väl går in, det finns nästan ingen väg tillbaka, " säger Olden. "Du svälter en flod av vatten. Det är föga förvånande att dess invånare sannolikt kommer att försvinna."
De som bor längs flodstranden eller förlitar sig på vattenvägarna för sin försörjning fruktar att dammar kan döda Vjosa som de känner den. Dess ömtåliga ekosystem kommer att förändras oåterkalleligt, och många invånare kommer att förlora sin mark och sina hem.
"Det är som människor, säger Elton Pashollari, en forsränningsguide vars kunder alltmer attraheras av Vjosas vildhet. "Vad händer om en av dina artärer, det stannar, cirkulerar inte blodet längre? Det är samma sak med Vjosa."
Denna 23 juni, Flygfoto 2019 visar byggarbetsplatsen för Kalivac-dammen på stranden av floden Vjosa i Albanien. När trycket att bygga dammar ökar i mindre utvecklade länder, det motsatta händer i USA och västra Europa, där det finns en rörelse för att riva dammar som anses vara föråldrade och miljöförstörande. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
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Från Ilias platan nära den grekiska gränsen, Vjosa rinner norrut genom smala raviner innan den passerar staden Tepelene, blir mer trög och breddar sig till breda grusbankar, dess flöde delar sig i strängar - vad forskare kallar en flätad flod.
Denna egenskap är typisk för vilda floder och är avgörande för det lokala ekosystemet. Det skapar olika livsmiljöer och låter sediment flöda, gödsla översvämningsslätterna och föryngra flodbädden.
Det är här som Vjosa avslöjar en annan sida av sin vilda natur. Efter säsongsbetonade översvämningar, floden kan ändra kurs, dess flätor omformas längs det djupa gruset som fungerar som ett filter och självreningssystem. Den hoppar från vänster till höger till mitten, över ett område som är cirka 1,5 kilometer (1 mile) brett.
"En naturlig flod är en dynamisk flod ... en levande flod, " says Nika of EcoAlbania. "It's living day by day and it changes its face. After each flood, you could never see the same scenery."
In this June 18, 2019 foto, a man crosses a bridge over the Langarica River, a tributary to the Vjosa near the city of Permet, Albania. Albania's government has set in motion plans to dam the Vjosa and its tributaries to generate much-needed electricity for one of Europe's poorest countries, with the intent to build eight dams along the main river. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
The river's ability to clean itself has proved crucial in a country where waste management is often rudimentary. I åratal, people have dumped trash in gullies that washed into the river, leaving trails of plastic and cloth clinging to tree branches. Some towns still dump raw sewage, but the river's self-cleansing means that the overall water quality is passable.
About 25 kilometers (16 miles) northwest of Tepelene, the riverbed narrows into another tight, steep gorge teeming with life, where birds swoop from trees anchored precariously in the cliff-face. Just beyond that comes the first sign of how dramatically a dam would affect the river and the life connected to it.
Emerging from the canyon, it looks like a strip mine. This is Kalivac, one of the proposed dam sites. An Italian company was awarded a contract in the late 1990s. Construction began, but never finished, plagued with delays and financial woes. It now lies derelict with guards stationed to prevent looting.
I denna 27 juni, 2019 foto, sheep are pastured near the shore of the Vjosa River in Ane Vjosa, Albania. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
Half the hill on one side has been dug away, creating giant steps into the rock. Vehicles sit abandoned, a digging machine sunken into the ground, branches and debris clinging to its frame.
Nu, the government has awarded a new contract for the site to a Turkish company.
For Benedikt Baeumler, a German advertising executive kayaking the length of the river, the sight was a shock.
"I felt like there's all this wonderful nature, and then suddenly to see these stairs, like the Egyptian pyramids, " han säger.
A few days earlier and several miles upriver, the 43-year-old had been ambivalent about the hydropower projects, noting his own country had also dammed its rivers.
But what he saw at the Kalivac site changed his mind.
"It was really unbelievable what they did to nature, removing entire parts of the mountain, " han sa, setting up camp on a sandbar back in June. "I hope this dam is never built."
In this June 28, 2019 foto, Shyqyri Seiti, pulls his fishing net from the Vjosa River near Ane Vjose, Albania. The 65-year-old boatman has been transporting locals, goods and livestock across the river for about a quarter century. The construction of the Kalivac dam would spell disaster for him. Many of the fields and some of the houses in his nearby village of Ane Vjose would be lost. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
Many locals agree. Dozens of residents from the village of Kute, further downriver, joined nonprofits to file what was Albania's first environmental lawsuit against the construction of a dam in the Pocem gorge, a short distance downriver from Kalivac. They won in 2017, but the government has appealed.
The victory, while significant, was just one battle. En vecka senare, the government issued the Kalivac contract. EcoAlbania plans to fight that project, för.
Ekologiskt, there is a lot at stake.
A 2018 study led by University of Vienna's Fritz Schiemer found the Vjosa was incredibly diverse. The team logged more than 90 types of aquatic invertebrates in the places where dams are planned, plus hundreds of fish, amphibian and reptile species, some endangered and others endemic to the Balkans.
But "the majority of the specific biodiversity will disappear in the case of the planned dam constructions, " varnade de.
Den 20 juni 2019 foto, people bathe in a thermal spring on the banks of the Langarica River, a tributary to the Vjosa near Permet, Albania. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
Dams can unravel food chains by reducing populations of insects that feed fish and by limiting spawning, which in turn leaves less prey for fish-eating birds and mammals. But the most well-known problem with building dams is that they block the paths of fish trying to migrate upstream to spawn. The U.S. Atlantic salmon population has plummeted, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in great part due to dams.
As pressure to build dams intensifies in less developed countries, the opposite is happening in the U.S. and western Europe, where there's a movement to tear down dams considered obsolete and environmentally destructive.
Mer än 1, 600 have been dismantled in the U.S., most within the past 30 years, according to the advocacy group American Rivers. I Europa, the largest-ever removal began this year in France, where two dams are being torn down on Normandy's Selune River.
In this June 15, 2019 foto, Benedikt Baeumler, a German advertising executive kayaking the length of the Vjosa River, checks his map after setting up camp on its bank in Albania. A few days earlier and several miles upriver, the 43-year-old had been ambivalent about the hydropower projects, noting his own country had also dammed its rivers. But what he saw at the Kalivac site changed his mind. "It was really unbelievable what they did to nature, removing entire parts of the mountain, " he said. "I hope this dam is never built." (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
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With so few wild rivers left around the globe, the Vjosa also is a valuable resource for studying river behavior.
"Science is only at the beginning of understanding how biodiversity in river networks is structured and maintained, " says researcher Gabriel Singer of the Leibniz-Institute in Germany. "The Vjosa is a unique system."
For Shyqyri Seiti, it's much more personal.
The 65-year-old boatman has been transporting locals, goods and livestock across the river for about a quarter century. The construction of the Kalivac dam would spell disaster for him. Many of the fields and some of the houses in his nearby village of Ane Vjose would be lost.
"För mig, the river is everything, " he says. "Someone will benefit from the construction of the dam, but it will flood everyone in the area. ... What if they were in our place, how would they feel to lose everything?"
In this June 15, 2019 foto, Jurgen Steinbauer, Benedikt Baumler and Sebastian Baumler, German tourists who are kayaking the length of the Vjosa River, cook a meal as they sit next to a bonfire on the river bank in Albania. After seeing the Kalivac dam construction site, Benedikt Baeumler said, "It was really unbelievable what they did to nature, removing entire parts of the mountain. I hope this dam is never built." (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
His love for the river runs deep:It feeds his family by providing work and fish to eat and sell. He taught his five children to swim here. Varje morgon, he runs down to the river just to take in the view.
Seiti has protested against the plans, but some of his neighbors disagree. The mayor, Metat Shehu, insists the community "has no interest" in the matter.
"The Vjosa is polluted. The plants and creatures of Vjosa have vanished, " Shehu says while tending his goats. The biggest issue, han lägger till, is that villagers are being offered too little to give up their land. He hopes the dam will bring investment to the area.
About 10 kilometers (6 miles) downriver of Ane Vjose lies the village of Kute, on a hill overlooking the Vjosa as it snakes its way north to the sea. Kute residents joined the lawsuit against the Pocem dam that would flood their fields, some houses and, crucially for many, a cemetery. Relieved by their victory, they now wait anxiously for the outcome of the government's appeal.
I denna söndag, 16 juni, 2019 aerial photo, the sun sets behind the Vjosa River near Tepelene, Albania. Rivers are a crucial part of the global water cycle. They act like nature's arteries, carrying energy and nutrients across vast landscapes, providing water for drinking, food production and industry. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
In this June 15, 2019 foto, Sebastian Bäumler, 41, a German filmmaker kayaking the length of the Vjosa River, is illuminated by a bonfire as he sits next to his kayak on its bank in Albania. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
In this June 24, 2019 foto, residents sit on the shore of the Vjosa River next to a spring in the Kelcyre Gorge, Albania. Those who live along the riverbank or rely on the waterway for their livelihood fear dams could kill the Vjosa as they know it. Its fragile ecosystem will be irreversibly altered, and many residents will lose their land and homes. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
In this June 19, 2019 foto, Vito Ilia, 64, walks out of a small cow shed outside her home in the village of Kanikol, Albania. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
I denna 30 juni, 2019 foto, an old bridge spans the Vjosa River near the border with Greece, in Albania. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
In this June 26, 2019 foto, children play outside at dusk in the village of Kute, Albania. The village overlooks the Vjosa River as it snakes its way north to the sea. Residents here joined a lawsuit against the Pocem dam that would flood their fields, some houses and, crucially for many, a cemetery. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
I denna 30 juni, 2019 foto, the sky is reflected in the Vjosa River after sunset near the village of Badelonje, Albania. Rivers are a crucial part of the global water cycle. They act like nature's arteries, carrying energy and nutrients across vast landscapes, providing water for drinking, food production and industry. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
In this June 29, 2019 foto, a river rafting guide paddles at dusk on the Vjosa River, Albania. Those who live along the riverbank or rely on the waterway for their livelihood fear dams could kill the Vjosa as they know it. Its fragile ecosystem will be irreversibly altered, and many residents will lose their land and homes. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
Denna 20 juni, 2019 photo shows the Langarica hydropower plant, on a tributary to the Vjosa River near Permet, Albania. As pressure to build dams intensifies in less developed countries, the opposite is happening in the U.S. and western Europe, where there's a movement to tear down dams considered obsolete and environmentally destructive. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
In this June 24, 2019 foto, a man jumps into a spring where it meets the Vjosa River in the Kelcyre Gorge, Albania. Albania's government has set in motion plans to dam the Vjosa and its tributaries to generate much-needed electricity for one of Europe's poorest countries, with the intent to build eight dams along the main river. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
In this June 26, 2019 foto, 13-year-old Eriko, sits in the driver's seat of a car in the village of Kute, Albania. The village overlooks the Vjosa River as it snakes its way north to the sea. Residents here joined a lawsuit against the Pocem dam that would flood their fields, some houses and, crucially for many, a cemetery. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
In this June 26, 2019 foto, residents play dominoes in a small bar in the village of Kute, Albania. Dozens of residents from the village joined nonprofit organizations to file what was Albania's first environmental lawsuit against the construction of a dam in the Pocem gorge. They won in 2017, but the government has appealed. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
Den 20 juni 2019 foto, people walk along the Langarica River, a tributary to the Vjosa near Permet, Albania. Albania's government has set in motion plans to dam the Vjosa and its tributaries to generate much-needed electricity for one of Europe's poorest countries, with the intent to build eight dams along the main river. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
I denna 25 juni, 2019 foto, people raft on the Vjosa River near Permet, Albania. Some tout hydropower as a reliable, cheap and renewable energy source that helps curb dependence on planet-warming fossil fuels like coal, olja och naturgas. But some critics like EcoAlbania say the benefits of hydropower are overstated—and outweighed by the harm dams can do. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
In this June 22, 2019 foto, Jonuz Jonuzi, 70, rides his horse on the banks of the Vjosa River in the Kelcyre Gorge, Albania. He raised his children here and now watches his grandchildren play in the Vjosa's waters. Before dawn each day, he crosses a bridge over a narrow gorge to tend to his goats before his son drives them to drink from a local spring, where the water emerges cold and crystal clear. "Everything I have, I have because of the river, " he says. "Albania needs electrical energy. But not by creating one thing and destroying another. Why do such damage that will be irreparable for life, that future generations will blame us for what we've done?" (AP Photo/Felipe Dana)
There are some signs in their favor. I Augusti, the government announced it was canceling a project in central Albania's Holta Canyon near the town of Gramsh, and would tear down part of a dam that's already built. The Infrastructure and Energy Ministry said in a statement the decision came after discussions with residents and an environmental review. Energy ministry officials rejected multiple interview requests to discuss the Vjosa River and the country's hydropower plans.
Could the Vjosa projects also be stopped?
Jonus Jonuzi, a 70-year-old farmer who grew up along the river, still has hope.
He raised his children here and now watches his grandchildren play in its waters. Before dawn each day, he crosses a bridge over a narrow gorge to tend to his goats before his son drives them to drink from a local spring, where the water emerges cold and crystal clear.
"Everything I have, I have because of the river, " he says. "Albania needs electrical energy. But not by creating one thing and destroying another. Why do such damage that will be irreparable for life, that future generations will blame us for what we've done?"
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